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<h3><font size="5">災後救援建奇功 揭秘<span lang="EN-US">"</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">"</span>衛星系統</font></h3>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><font size="5"><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on"><b><span lang="EN-US">5</span>月<span lang="EN-US">12</span>日</b></st1:chsdate><b><span lang="EN-US">14</span>時<span lang="EN-US">28</span>分<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一個本應是<span lang="EN-US">2008</span>年最<span lang="EN-US">“</span>平常<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的時刻<span lang="EN-US">,</span>卻成為數萬同胞生死的阻隔<span lang="EN-US">.</span>從此<span lang="EN-US">,</span>天堂在左<span lang="EN-US">,</span>汶川在右<span lang="EN-US">.</span>災後汶川<span lang="EN-US">——</span>信息孤島</b><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span>震後<span lang="EN-US">,</span>從國務院、總參謀部<span lang="EN-US">,</span>到民政部國家減災中心、國家地震局監測中心<span lang="EN-US">,</span>人們焦急地等待著從震區傳出的每個訊息<span lang="EN-US">,</span>以便確定受災情況<span lang="EN-US">,</span>制定救災計畫<span lang="EN-US">.</span></font></p>
<p><font size="5">然而<span lang="EN-US">,</span>沉寂、沉寂<span lang="EN-US">,</span>沉寂之後還是揪人心肺的沉寂<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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8.0</span>級強度的地震摧毀了汶川的全部通訊設施<span lang="EN-US">.</span>電報、電話、手機、互聯網<span lang="EN-US">,</span>這些凝結人類百年心血的現代化通訊手段<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在大自然災難面前<span lang="EN-US">,</span>喪失了它往日的魔力<span lang="EN-US">.</span>汶川一時間成為資訊孤島<span lang="EN-US">!<br>
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</span>但黨和政府並沒有忘記自己肩負的職責<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>14</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">46:</span>國家網站<span lang="EN-US">——</span>新華網發佈消息<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>15</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">50:</span>總參謀部救災應急預案啟動<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>16</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">00:</span>因通訊中斷<span lang="EN-US">,</span>兩架直升飛機被派往災區瞭解受災情況<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>17</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">00:</span>國家總理溫家寶緊急趕赴災區<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>18</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">28:</span>派出武警四川總隊和駐川武警某師的<span lang="EN-US">2900</span>名官兵<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="12" month="5" year="2008" w:st="on">5<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>18</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">44:</span>成都軍區、武警四川總隊和駐川某師<span lang="EN-US">5000</span>余官兵緊急趕赴汶川地震災區參加救災<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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19</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">20:</span>軍區先遣指揮組進駐災區<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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“</b></span><b>這是哪支部隊<span lang="EN-US">?”</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><br>
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</span>在隨後的救災中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>由於汶川原有通信設施全部遭到破壞<span lang="EN-US">,</span>前方和後方的資訊溝通成為救災的最大障礙<span lang="EN-US">.</span>這個時候<span lang="EN-US">,</span>我們國產的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>衛星導航系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在抗震救災的初期發揮了不可替代的作用<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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13 </span>日中午<span lang="EN-US">12</span>時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>位於北京的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>衛星導航定位指控中心監測到<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一支攜帶了<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>終端機的部隊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>開始沿著馬爾康、黑水、理縣到汶川的<span lang="EN-US">317</span>國道<span lang="EN-US">,</span>以每小時<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="6" unitname="公里" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">6</span>公里</st1:chmetcnv>左右的速度一路急進<span lang="EN-US">.“</span>這是哪支部隊<span lang="EN-US">?”</span>衛星導航定位指控中心 工作人員欣喜之後是疑惑<span lang="EN-US">.</span>通過對該部隊所持定位終端發向指控中心的信號特徵分析<span lang="EN-US">,</span>指控中心判斷<span lang="EN-US">,</span>這是一個民用級終端設備<span lang="EN-US">.</span>很快工作人員撥通了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">” </span>衛星導航定位服務商之一的神州天鴻公司的電話<span lang="EN-US">.</span>經過確認<span lang="EN-US">,</span>證實該部隊是隸屬于四川武警總隊的森警總隊先遣隊<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>由此<span lang="EN-US">,</span>正式拉開了<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>定位系統參與抗震救災的序幕<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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“' </span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">'</span>定位導航系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>是具備雙向通信功能的<span lang="EN-US">,</span>但出於保密的原因<span lang="EN-US">,</span>指控中心只能<span lang="EN-US">'</span>看<span lang="EN-US">'</span>到信號<span lang="EN-US">,</span>不能解讀定位終端發射資訊的內容<span lang="EN-US">.</span>所以當他們看到有北斗終
端向災區運動時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>並不知道使用者是哪個部隊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>最後是通過北京神州天鴻的民用運營中心才查到北斗終端是隸屬四川武警森林總隊<span lang="EN-US">.”</span>神州天鴻市場部經理王永亮事 後告訴記者<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>據瞭解<span lang="EN-US">,</span>北斗衛星定位系統是由中國建立的區域導航定位系統<span lang="EN-US">.</span>第一代北斗系統<span lang="EN-US">(</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">)</span>由<span lang="EN-US">3</span>顆北斗定位衛星<span lang="EN-US">(</span>兩顆工作衛星、一顆備用衛星<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、地面控制中心為主的地面部分、北斗用戶終端三部分組成<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>定 位時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>終端設備接收兩顆衛星的信號<span lang="EN-US">,</span>解算出與它們的相對距離<span lang="EN-US">,</span>從而得知自己處於以兩顆衛星為圓心的球面交線上<span lang="EN-US">.</span>與此同時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>終端將自己的計算結果發往地面控 制中心<span lang="EN-US">,</span>由控制中心從存儲在電腦內的數位化地形圖查尋到用戶高程值<span lang="EN-US">,</span>由於知道用戶處於某一與地球基準球面平行的球面上<span lang="EN-US">,</span>從而中心控制系統可最終計算出用
戶所在點的三維座標<span lang="EN-US">.</span>這個座標經加密由出站信號發送給用戶<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>北斗定位系統可向終端設備提供全天候、<span lang="EN-US">24</span>小時的即時定位服務<span lang="EN-US">,</span>定位最高精度
可達<span lang="EN-US"> <st1:chmetcnv tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="10" unitname="米" w:st="on">10<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">米</span></span></st1:chmetcnv>,</span>其精度與<span lang="EN-US">GPS</span>相當<span lang="EN-US">.“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>導航定位衛星由中國空間技術研究院研究製造<span lang="EN-US">.3</span>顆導航定位衛星的發射時間分別為<span lang="EN-US">:<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="31" month="10" year="2000" w:st="on">2000<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">年10</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月31</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>;
<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="21" month="12" year="2000" w:st="on">2000<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">年12</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月21</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>;<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="25" month="5" year="2003" w:st="on">2003<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">年5</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">月25</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate>,</span>第三顆是備用衛星<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>北斗定位系統的投入使用<span lang="EN-US">,</span>使我國成為世界上掌握衛星定位導航技術的<span lang="EN-US">3</span>個國家之一<span lang="EN-US">. <br>
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</span><b>災後救援建奇功<span lang="EN-US"><br>
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“</span>地震後<span lang="EN-US">,</span>汶川地區當地通訊設施全部被毀<span lang="EN-US">,</span>加上通往災區的道路被泥石流沖毀<span lang="EN-US">,</span>不能及時運送維修設備<span lang="EN-US">,</span>北斗定位系統在救災初期擔負了絕大部分通訊任務<span lang="EN-US">.”</span>《中國經營報》同事孫晨在現場告訴記者<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>據孫晨介紹<span lang="EN-US">,</span>由於汶川災區地處山區地勢複雜<span lang="EN-US">,</span>部隊配發的普通軍用電臺無法遠距離通訊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>而可擕式衛星通訊系統可能裝備的數量就比較稀少<span lang="EN-US">,</span>一時也來不及調運<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在這次參與抗災的部隊裏使用得並不太多<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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“</span>這次救災的主力是部隊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>出於保密的原因<span lang="EN-US">,</span>他們極少使用外國衛星電話<span lang="EN-US">,</span>而<span lang="EN-US">'</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">'</span>是我們自己的國產系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>因此不存在這些問題<span lang="EN-US">.”</span>專門為部隊提供<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>定位系統服務的運營商北斗星通董事秘書告訴記者<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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“</span>其 實<span lang="EN-US">'</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">'</span>的優點還不止這些<span lang="EN-US">.”</span>據神州天鴻市場部經理王永亮介紹<span lang="EN-US">,</span>大家耳熟能詳的<span lang="EN-US">GPS</span>定位系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>屬於被動接受系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>使用者只能知道自己的所在位置<span lang="EN-US">, </span>而無法通知指揮部門<span lang="EN-US">.“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>由於採用衛星和地面控制中心複合定位技術<span lang="EN-US">,</span>用戶在知道自己的地理座標的同時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>控制中心也知道了終端的地理位置<span lang="EN-US">.</span>這樣方便 了指揮中心對終端使用者的調度<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>王永亮還告訴記者<span lang="EN-US">,“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>定位終端不但能夠隨時向基地報告自己的位置<span lang="EN-US">,</span>而且還具有雙向通信的功能<span lang="EN-US">, </span>如民用終端一次向衛星傳送<span lang="EN-US">98</span>個位元組的短資訊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>可隨時報告總部災區的情況<span lang="EN-US">,</span>申請救援物資<span lang="EN-US">.</span>比如<span lang="EN-US">,</span>救援部隊在開進途中<span lang="EN-US">,</span>有新發現的被圍困群眾<span lang="EN-US">,</span>可以通知指揮 中心增派人員<span lang="EN-US">.</span>需要直升飛機運送傷患時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>也可以將空地位置<span lang="EN-US">,</span>周邊天氣情況向上報告<span lang="EN-US">,</span>方便飛機降落<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>王永亮透露<span lang="EN-US">,</span>自<span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年以來<span lang="EN-US">,</span>武警森 林指揮部為所屬全國的<span lang="EN-US">7</span>個總隊配發了北斗設備數百套<span lang="EN-US">,</span>其中四川總隊配發了幾十套<span lang="EN-US">,</span>災後第一天駐紮在汶川地區的四川森警總隊汶川大隊有數套<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>終端 投入了抗震救災工作<span lang="EN-US">,</span>並第一時間發回了災情報告<span lang="EN-US">,</span>第二天森警總部司令部要求對參加救災的部隊打開所有的北斗設備<span lang="EN-US">,</span>並及時彙報行進情況及災情資訊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>第三天總 參測繪局中國衛星導航應用管理中心及衛星地面總站緊急為部隊調配了大量該類型設備<span lang="EN-US">.</span>這幾天<span lang="EN-US">,</span>為了監測地震後形成的堰塞湖水位<span lang="EN-US">,</span>又有<span lang="EN-US">400</span>多個監測點使用了<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>終端<span lang="EN-US">.</span>它們是由供電系統、水情監測儀、北斗通信終端共同組成的系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>利用<span lang="EN-US">“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的通信功能<span lang="EN-US">,</span>隨時向指揮中心上傳水情資料<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>不 過<span lang="EN-US">,</span>也有業內專家指出<span lang="EN-US">,“</span>北斗一號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>在這次抗震救災中起到非常大的作用<span lang="EN-US">,</span>但是作為一個軍民兩用的系統<span lang="EN-US">,</span>應用在軍事上存在一些弱點<span lang="EN-US">,</span>比如終端必須向衛星發送 資料才能獲得位置資訊<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在戰爭中極容易遭到電磁干擾和攻擊<span lang="EN-US">.</span>現在國家正在計畫實施<span lang="EN-US"> “</span>北斗二號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>專案<span lang="EN-US">,</span>通過發射數十顆衛星組成類似於<span lang="EN-US">GPS</span>系統的衛星陣列<span lang="EN-US">,</span>可以實現無源定位<span lang="EN-US">.</span>同時<span lang="EN-US">,</span>在需要的時候還可以啟動雙向通信功能<span lang="EN-US">.<br>
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</span>據稱<span lang="EN-US">,“</span>北斗二號<span lang="EN-US">”</span>系統建成後<span lang="EN-US">,</span>軍用終端的定位精度可以達到釐米級別<span lang="EN-US">.</span></font></p>
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